226 research outputs found
Empirical Mantissa Distributions of Pulsars
The occurrence of digits one through nine as the leftmost nonzero digit of
numbers from real world sources is often not uniformly distributed, but
instead, is distributed according to a logarithmic law, known as Benford's law.
Here, we investigate systematically the mantissa distributions of some pulsar
quantities, and find that for most quantities their first digits conform to
this law. However, the barycentric period shows significant deviation from the
usual distribution, but satisfies a generalized Benford's law roughly.
Therefore pulsars can serve as an ideal assemblage to study the first digit
distributions of real world data, and the observations can be used to constrain
theoretical models of pulsar behavior.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, final version in journal publicatio
Lorentz violation induced vacuum birefringence and its astrophysical consequences
In the electromagnetism of loop quantum gravity, two helicities of a photon
have different phase velocities and group velocities, termed as "vacuum
birefringence". Two novel phenomenons, "peak doubling" and "de-polarization",
are expected to appear for a linearly polarized light from astrophysical
sources. We show that the criteria to observe these two phenomenons are the
same. Further, from recently observed -ray polarization from Cygnus
X-1, we obtain an upper limit for Lorentz-violating
parameter , which is the most firm constraint from well-known systems. We
also suggest to analyze possible existence of "peak doubling" through Fermi LAT
GRBs.Comment: 4 latex pages, 2 figures, short version for publication in PRD. For a
detailed long version, please look at the first version of this arXiv
paperarXiv:1104.4438v
Lorentz violation effects on astrophysical propagation of very high energy photons
Lorentz violation (LV) is predicted by some quantum gravity (QG) candidates,
wherein the canonical energy-momentum dispersion relation, , is
modified. Consequently, new phenomenons beyond the standard model are
predicted. Especially, the presence of LV highly affects the propagation of
astrophysical photons with very high energies from distant galaxies. In this
paper, we review the updating theoretical and experimental results on this
topic. We classify the effects into three categories: (i) time lags between
photons with different energies; (ii) a cutoff of photon flux above the
threshold energy of photon decay, ; (iii) new
patterns in the spectra of multi-TeV photons and EeV photons, due to the
absorption of background lights. As we can see, the details of LV effects on
astrophysical photons depend heavily on the "phase space" of LV parameters.
From observational aspects, nowadays available and upcoming instruments can
study these phenomenons hopefully, and shed light onto LV issues and QG
theories. The most recent progresses and constraints on the ultra-high energy
cosmic rays (UHECRs) are also fully discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure, final version for publication in MPLA as a review
articl
Gender differences in cognitive dissonance reduction strategies for partner\u27s physical attractiveness
Physical attractiveness is an important standard for mate selection for both men and women (Langlois et al., 2000). However, men may care more about their partners’ physical attractiveness than do women (Feingold, 1990). This study applied cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) to physical attractiveness in mate selection. Not everyone can find a partner who is as attractive as he or she would ideally like, so this may create cognitive dissonance between their attitudes and behavior. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people try to reduce uncomfortable feelings caused by the differences between their attitudes and behaviors (Festinger, 1957). Because men care more about their partners’ physical attractiveness than do women, men and women may reduce cognitive dissonance caused by partner’s physical attractiveness differently.
282 college students who were in a heterosexual romantic relationship completed demographic questions and rated their partner’s physical attractiveness. Then they were randomly assigned to a physical attractiveness condition, a personality condition, or a pure control condition. Participants in the physical attractiveness condition were primed to think of physical attractiveness as important, but reminded of their partner’s lower attractiveness levels; participants in the personality condition were primed to think of kindness as important and not reminded about their partner’s attractiveness level; and participants in the pure control condition were primed to think about healthy foods. Then all participants rated their partner’s physical attractiveness again and the importance of physical attractiveness in relationships. They also completed the measures assessing the quality of alternatives and commitment level in their current relationships.
I hypothesized that men would be more likely to change attitudes toward finding a new partner or leaving their current partner if they believe their partners’ physical attractiveness is important but they are reminded that they are dating less attractive partners. Specifically, I predicted that men in the physical attractiveness condition would score higher on quality of alternatives and lower on level of commitment in relationships compared to women in physical attractiveness condition. In contrast, I expected that women would be more likely to change attitudes toward partners’ physical attractiveness in this situation. Specifically, I predicted that women in the physical attractiveness condition would score lower on importance of partner’s physical attractiveness and higher on ratings of partner’s attractiveness. I did not expect gender differences in the other two conditions. Contrary to predictions, men and women did not differ in ways of reducing dissonance. Men rated physical attractiveness as more important, reported more relationship alternatives, and were less committed to their current relationships than were women. Men also tended to rate their partner as more attractive than women did. There were no effects of condition. It may be that short-term interactions are not sufficient to induce dissonance about relationship issues with their partners
Eikonal equation of the Lorentz-violating Maxwell theory
We derive the eikonal equation of light wavefront in the presence of Lorentz
invariance violation (LIV) from the photon sector of the standard model
extension (SME). The results obtained from the equations of and
fields respectively are the same. This guarantees the
self-consistency of our derivation. We adopt a simple case with only one
non-zero LIV parameter as an illustration, from which we find two points. One
is that, in analogy with Hamilton-Jacobi equation, from the eikonal equation,
we can derive dispersion relations which are compatible with results obtained
from other approaches. The other is that, the wavefront velocity is the same as
the group velocity, as well as the energy flow velocity. If further we define
the signal velocity as the front velocity, there always exists a mode
with , hence causality is violated classically. Thus our method might be
useful in the analysis of Lorentz violation in QED in terms of classical
causality .Comment: 14 latex pages, no figure, final version for publication in EPJ
Bounding the mass of graviton in a dynamic regime with binary pulsars
In Einstein's general relativity, gravity is mediated by a massless spin-2
metric field, and its extension to include a mass for the graviton has profound
implication for gravitation and cosmology. In 2002, Finn and Sutton used the
gravitational-wave (GW) back-reaction in binary pulsars, and provided the first
bound on the mass of graviton. Here we provide an improved analysis using 9
well-timed binary pulsars with a phenomenological treatment. First, individual
mass bounds from each pulsar are obtained in the frequentist approach with the
help of an ordering principle. The best upper limit on the graviton mass,
(90% C.L.), comes from the
Hulse-Taylor pulsar PSR B1913+16. Then, we combine individual pulsars using the
Bayesian theorem, and get (90%
C.L.) with a uniform prior for . This limit improves the Finn-Sutton
limit by a factor of more than 10. Though it is not as tight as those from GWs
and the Solar System, it provides an independent and complementary bound from a
dynamic regime.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures; accepted by PR
Lorentz violation from cosmological objects with very high energy photon emissions
Lorentz violation (LV) is predicted by some quantum gravity theories, where
photon dispersion relation is modified, and the speed of light becomes
energy-dependent. Consequently, it results in a tiny time delay between high
energy photons and low energy ones. Very high energy (VHE) photon emissions
from cosmological distance can amplify these tiny LV effects into observable
quantities. Here we analyze four VHE -ray bursts (GRBs) from Fermi
observations, and briefly review the constraints from three TeV flares of
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as well. One step further, we present a first
robust analysis of VHE GRBs taking the intrinsic time lag caused by sources
into account, and give an estimate to quantum gravity energy GeV for linear energy dependence, and GeV for
quadratic dependence. However, the statistics is not sufficient due to the lack
of data, and further observational results are desired to constrain LV effects
better.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, final version to appear in Astroparticle Physic
Sea quark contents of octet baryons
The flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea, i.e., the excess of
quark-antiquark pairs over ones in the proton can be explained by
several different models; therefore, it is a challenge to discriminate these
models from each other. We examine in this Letter three models: the balance
model, the meson cloud model, and the chiral quark model, and we show that
these models give quite different predictions on the sea quark contents of
other octet baryons. New experiments aimed at measuring the flavor contents of
other octet baryons are needed for a more profound understanding of the
non-perturbative properties of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, version in final publicatio
Applications of Functionalized Fullerenes in Tumor Theranostics
Functionalized fullerenes with specific physicochemical properties have been developed for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Notably, metallofullerene is a new class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast-enhancing agent, and may have promising applications for clinical diagnosis. Polyhydroxylated and carboxyl fullerenes have been applied to photoacoustic imaging. Moreover, in recent years, functionalized fullerenes have shown potential in tumor therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapeutics. Their antitumor effects may be associated with the modulation of oxidative stress, anti-angiogenesis, and immunostimulatory activity. While various types of novel nanoparticle agents have been exploited in tumor theranostics, their distribution, metabolism and toxicity in organisms have also been a source of concern among researchers. The present review summarizes the potential of fullerenes as tumor theranostics agents and their possible underlying mechanisms are discussed
- …